Study on the difference of dispersion behavior between hydrogen and methane in utility tunnel

Compared to liquid/gas hydrogen tank, the pipeline is an economical way for hydrogen transportation. With the quick development of utility tunnel in China, hydrogen pipeline enters the gas compartment can be expected soon. However, all the safety requirements of the gas compartment in the current standards are designed for natural gas, and the applicability for hydrogen is unknown. Therefore, a series of studies were started to investigate the safety of hydrogen in utility tunnel. In this work, a real utility tunnel locates at Shanghai was selected as the physical object. A 3D numerical model was built and successfully validated by a scaled tunnel test. The model has the maximum deviation of +9.5%. After that, a comparatively study of the dispersion behavior of CH₄ and H₂ was conducted. The assumed scenario was a 20 mm small-hole leaks with gauge pressure of 1.0 MPa in the middle of the tunnel. Numerical results shown that, H₂ has a larger dispersion velocity and higher concentration, and is more dangerous compared to CH₄. The current emergency ventilation strategy of air change rate of 12 times/h is not effective enough to dilute the H₂ flammable cloud. The alarm time of the testing points shown strong linear law. There was a sharp variation in the range of 20%–100% LFL (Lower Flammable Limit), so the alarm strategy in the tunnel standards is too ideal for both CH₄ and H₂. The numerical results in the present study could provide a guidance for the design and safety management of the hydrogen tunnel.     

Experimental study on the propagation characteristics of hydrogen/methane/air premixed flames in a narrow channel

This work is focused on the explosion characteristics of premixed gas containing different volume fractions of hydrogen in a narrow channel (1000 mm × 50 mm × 10 mm) under the circumstance of stoichiometric ratio. The ignition positions were set in the closed end and the middle of the pipeline respectively. The results showed that when the gas was ignited at the pipeline closed end, the propagating flame was tulip structure for different premixed gas. When the hydrogen volume fraction was less than 40%, the flame propagation speed increased significantly with the rise of hydrogen volume fraction, and the overpressure peak also appeared obviously in advance. However, when the volume fraction of hydrogen was more than 40%, the increase of flame propagation speed and the overpressure peak occurrence time varied slightly. Furthermore, when the ignition position was placed in the middle of the pipeline, the flame propagation speed propagating to the opening end was much faster than that propagating to the closing end, and there was no tulip shape when the flame propagates to the opening end. The flame propagating to the closed end appeared tulip shape under the influence of airflow, and high-frequency flame oscillation occurred during the propagation. This work shows that the hydrogen volume fraction and ignition position significantly affected the flame structure, flame front speed, and explosion overpressure.     

An adaptive Kriging method with double sampling criteria applied to hydrogen preparation case

Kriging model has been widely used to approximate expensive black-box problems in many engineering design fields. How to choose an appropriate sampling strategy to produce new expensive updated points is crucial. For this purpose, an adaptive Kriging method with double sampling criteria (AKM-DSC) is proposed. During every iteration of it, maximum curvature criterion and maximum variance criterion based on Kriging model are respectively optimized by trust region (TR) strategy to produce two candidate points. And then, a new screening method is used to determine final expensive-evaluation points from the two candidates. The proposed method is compared with the two typical Kriging modeling methods. The comparison results of seventeen benchmark functions verify that the proposed method can generate higher accuracy Kriging model. Finally, a hydrogen preparation case illustrates the engineering application value of the AKM-DSC method.     

二维超声磨削纳米复相陶瓷表面残余应力研究

采用二维超声振动磨削和普通磨削方式,利用X射线衍射仪,对纳米复相陶瓷和氧化锆陶瓷表面残余应力的性质及大小进行了研究。实验表明,残余应力是磨削条件、相变应力和裂纹释放应力综合作用的结果。得到结论:在相同的磨削条件下,超声磨削的切向残余拉应力比普通磨削方式的小,法向残余压应力则比普通磨削的大;磨粒尺寸越小,残余拉应力越小;材料以塑性方式去除时,残余应力表现为压应力;超声磨削的m相变率比普通磨削的小。     

硬脂酸改性三氧化二铝表面润湿性的特性分析

目的 研究氧化铝经硬脂酸分子改性后的润湿行为,从表面改性角度探索聚合物自组装润湿性原理,进而制备出一种疏水性能良好的超疏水表面。方法 使用COMPASS力场进行分子动力学模拟,构建基于非键合粒子的Al2O3超晶胞模型体系,采用最速下降法和共轭梯度法进行优化,使所构建的模型在体系平衡下保持能量最小原则,并对其求解分析。进而基于模拟材料,通过两步喷涂法制备以改性纳米氧化铝为涂层的超疏水表面,观察表征特征,验证模型的正确性。最后从模拟构象、径向分布函数以及均方根位移方面分析氧化铝经硬脂酸分子改性前后水分子团簇在玻璃、氧化铝表面的微观润湿行为。结果 经硬脂酸改性后,氧化铝表面由亲水表面成为疏水表面。经分子动力学模拟表明,当硬脂酸浓度增加,每个硬脂酸的表面能由–110.5 kJ/mol变为–80.4 kJ/mol,硬脂酸分子降低了水分子团簇在玻璃和氧化铝表面的扩散系数,对疏水性的强弱有着重要的影响。结论 氧化铝颗粒与玻璃表面都具有强亲水性,且氧化铝对水分子的吸附能力要强于玻璃。硬脂酸能够降低氧化铝的表面能,且与纳米氧化铝发生化学反应后,将氧化铝由超亲水改性为超疏水。     

真空度对真空冷喷涂气固两相流的影响

目的真空度直接影响着真空冷喷涂时气体流动特性和颗粒撞击速度,研究真空度对气体和颗粒流动特性的影响。方法确定真空冷喷涂系统结构,采用FLUENT软件进行真空冷喷涂气固两相流研究,通过数值模拟研究真空度对流场和颗粒撞击速度的影响,并研究相同压力比下的气固两相流特性。结果当入口压力一定时,喷管内的气体轴线速度、密度和温度与环境压力大小无关;而在射流区,环境压力越小,则气体轴线速度波动越小、密度越低,但到达基板后的气体温度均接近喷管入口温度。环境压力对大粒径颗粒的撞击速度影响较大,颗粒撞击速度随环境压力增大而先增后减,最佳环境压力可根据气相云图和气体密度来确定。当进出口压力比相同时,喷管内和射流区域内的气相速度云图基本相同,气体轴线速度曲线基本重合,而基板前的颗粒速度不同,此时环境压力越低,颗粒速度越高,越有利于形成涂层。结论采用计算流体动力学分析方法厘清了真空度对真空冷喷涂气固两相流的影响,为涂层制备奠定了理论基础。     

小尺度受限空间内瓦斯湍流爆燃大涡模拟

构建了150 mm × 150 mm × 500 mm小尺度受限空间三维模型,基于火焰表面密度模型和Charlette湍流燃烧模型,对两侧连续障碍物条件下瓦斯爆燃火焰与湍流耦合过程进行了大涡模拟(LES)。模拟结果均与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明:大涡模拟可以很好预测瓦斯爆燃过程中的火焰结构、火焰锋面位置、火焰传播速度及超压,验证了大涡模拟及湍流燃烧模型对于瓦斯爆燃的适用性。此外,通过Karlovitz数定量描述了瓦斯爆燃火焰与湍流之间的相互作用及其变化规律,并对不同时刻的火焰模态进行了判别,在两侧连续障碍物条件下瓦斯湍流爆燃火焰先后经历波纹小火焰和薄反应区两种模态。     

Generalized thermoelastic waves in functionally graded plates without energy dissipation

In this paper, a dynamic solution of the propagating thermoelastic waves in functionally graded material (FGM) plate subjected to stress-free, isothermal boundary conditions is presented in the context of the Green–Naghdi (GN) generalized thermoelastic theory. The FGM plate is composed of two orthotropic materials. The materials properties are assumed to vary in the direction of the thickness according to a known variation law. The coupled wave equation and heat conduction equation are solved by the Legendre orthogonal polynomial series expansion approach. The convergency of the method is discussed through a numerical example. The dispersion curves of the inhomogeneous thermoelastic plate and the corresponding pure elastic plate are compared to show the characteristics of thermal modes and the influence of the thermoelasticity on elastic modes. The displacement, temperature and stress distributions of elastic modes and thermal modes are shown to discuss their differences. A plate with a different gradient variation is calculated to illustrate the influence of the gradient field on the wave characteristics.     

金属表面疏水性研究进展

表面疏水性是近年来科学研究的热点。在生活中观察到荷叶表面上的水滴呈现圆球状,并能在荷叶上滚动而带走灰尘。研究发现荷叶表面具有优越的疏水性和自清洁特性,主要是由其表面微观的粗糙结构和低表面能物质共同引起的。概述了荷叶表面疏水性产生的原因,指出由于荷叶表面存在大量的微米级乳突,在这些微米级乳突上还有一些纳米级结构,这种纳米级结构正是引起荷叶表面超疏水的根本原因。归纳了疏水性表面的重要理论,其中,Young方程针对平整、光滑表面,将液滴在光滑表面上的张力和接触角联系起来;Wenzel模型是在Young方程的基础上引入了粗糙度因子,Wenzel模型中液滴形成的是一种非复合式的润湿状态,液滴和固体表面完全接触;Cassie方程是Wenzel模型的延伸,液滴和固体之间不再是单纯的非复合式接触,而是混有一定空气的复合式接触。在此基础上,综述了近年来表面疏水性的制备方法,包括化学法、特种加工法和微切削法等,最后展望了疏水性表面目前存在的问题。     

难加工材料铣削残余应力研究进展

镍基高温合金、钛合金等材料具有良好的高温强度、耐热性和耐腐蚀性等优异性能,已广泛应用于航空航天领域,然而这些材料属于典型的难加工材料,其相对切削加工性能很差,且已加工表面易产生显著残余拉应力,严重影响零部件使用寿命及性能。通过适当的方法调整和控制已加工表面的残余压应力,可以明显提高零件疲劳强度和耐腐蚀性。压应力制造技术是指以获得残余压应力为目标的制造技术,是一种典型的抗疲劳方法。将超声技术与其他加工方法复合实现残余压应力的主动控制,是目前抗疲劳制造技术的主要方法之一。然而,由于受超声加工的临界速度限制,超声与高速复合加工的研究相对较少,但两者均是目前压应力制造领域高度关切的先进加工方法,如果两者能有效复合,必将使核心部件制造在保证更加优良的抗疲劳性能的同时,获取更高的效率。通过分析铣削加工、高速加工以及超声振动加工中残余应力的研究现状,提出可将高速加工和超声振动加工相结合,从而实现难加工材料的高效压应力制造。